Study/Patient Characteristics Delirium Prophylaxis

Published

February 21, 2025

Dexmedetomidine

Table 1. Study and patient characteristics — randomized clinical trials of dexmedetomidine.

Characteristic [71 trials]	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Patients enrolled	197 120 (40 - 808)
Arms, N (%)
2	56 (78.9)
4	8 (11.3)
3	7 (9.9)
Pilot study, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Ambulatory, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Centers, N (%)
1	65 (91.5)
2	3 (4.2)
6	1 (1.4)
10	1 (1.4)
13	1 (1.4)
Country, N (%)
China	51 (71.8)
South Korea	5 (7.0)
USA	4 (5.6)
Egypt	3 (4.2)
Canada	2 (2.8)
Belgium	1 (1.4)
Germany	1 (1.4)
India	1 (1.4)
Iran	1 (1.4)
Poland	1 (1.4)
Slovenia	1 (1.4)
Low resource country, N (%)	56 (78.9)
Funding, N (%)
Public	39 (54.9)
Not reported	15 (21.1)
None	10 (14.1)
Industry	4 (5.6)
Public and industry	3 (4.2)
Author conflict of interest, N (%)	6 (8.5)
Registered, N (%)	43 (60.6)

Surgery	N = 71
Procedure(s), N (%)
Ortho	18 (25)
Cardiac	15 (21)
GI/Abdominal	11 (15)
Thoracic	7 (9.9)
Various^a	6 (8.5)
Oralmax	3 (4.2)
Ophtho	2 (2.8)
Urol	2 (2.8)
Cardiac\|GI/Abdominal	1 (1.4)
ENT	1 (1.4)
GI/Abdominal\|Hepatic	1 (1.4)
GI/Abdominal\|Neuro\|Urol	1 (1.4)
GI/Abdominal\|Ortho\|Thoracic	1 (1.4)
GI/Abdominal\|Urol	1 (1.4)
Headneck	1 (1.4)
^a If reported as various/mixed or included more than 4 types of procedures.

Characteristic	N^a	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Age (mean/med)	70	70.0 69.7 (60.3 - 83.2)
BMI (mean/med)	35	24.1 23.8 (19.2 - 29.1)
Female (%)	65	44.6 45.7 (0.0 - 84.2)
ASA Physical Status, N (%)	51
12		11 (21.6)
123		19 (37.3)
1234		4 (7.8)
23		16 (31.4)
234		1 (2.0)
White (%)	3	94.0 92.5 (92.0 - 97.5)
Black (%)	1	4.2
Asian (%)	53	96 100 (0 - 100)
Preop MMSE (mean/med)	32	27.3 27.3 (24.1 - 29.8)
Cognitive Impairment (%)	35	2.9 0.0 (0.0 - 63.1)
Diabetes (%)	31	20.0 20.2 (0.0 - 87.5)
Cardiac (%)	30	14.3 4.9 (0.0 - 100.0)
^a N of the 71 studies reporting characteristic allowing description.

Table 2. Study and patient characteristics — nonrandomized studies of dexmedetomidine.

Characteristic [13 studies]	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Patients enrolled	253 140 (60 - 714)
Design, N (%)
Nonrandomized Trial	6 (46.2)
Retrospective Cohort	6 (46.2)
Prospective Cohort	1 (7.7)
Arms, N (%)
2	12 (92.3)
3	1 (7.7)
Pilot study, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Ambulatory, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Centers, N (%)	13 (100.0)
Country, N (%)
China	10 (76.9)
USA	2 (15.4)
South Korea	1 (7.7)
Low resource country, N (%)	10 (76.9)
Funding, N (%)
Public	5 (38.5)
Not reported	4 (30.8)
None	3 (23.1)
Industry	1 (7.7)
Author conflict of interest, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Registered, N (%)	1 (7.7)

Characteristic	N^a	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Age (mean/med)	13	69.9 69.3 (62.2 - 74.0)
BMI (mean/med)	10	23.3 22.1 (21.4 - 29.1)
Female (%)	11	41.6 38.2 (30.0 - 81.0)
ASA Physical Status, N (%)	6
12		2 (33.3)
123		3 (50.0)
1234		1 (16.7)
White (%)	2	83.6 (76.0 - 91.2)
Black (%)	1	6.8
Asian (%)	10	90 100 (1 - 100)
Preop MMSE (mean/med)	7	26.5 28.5 (18.2 - 28.9)
Cognitive Impairment (%)	3	all 0.0
Diabetes (%)	8	24.1 25.1 (0.0 - 44.8)
Cardiac (%)	5	10.7 7.0 (0.0 - 33.5)
^a N of the 13 studies reporting characteristic allowing description.

Table 3. Study and patient characteristics — randomized clinical trials of melatonin and ramelteon.

Characteristic [16 trials]	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Patients enrolled	147 116 (50 - 452)
Arms, N (%)
2	14 (87.5)
3	2 (12.5)
Pilot study, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Ambulatory, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Centers, N (%)
1	14 (87.5)
2	1 (6.3)
3	1 (6.3)
Country, N (%)
Iran	4 (25.0)
Egypt	3 (18.8)
China	2 (12.5)
Japan	2 (12.5)
USA	2 (12.5)
Australia	1 (6.3)
India	1 (6.3)
Netherlands	1 (6.3)
Low resource country, N (%)	10 (62.5)
Funding, N (%)
Public	10 (62.5)
Not reported	4 (25.0)
None	1 (6.3)
Public and industry	1 (6.3)
Author conflict of interest, N (%)	1 (6.3)
Registered, N (%)	11 (68.8)

Surgery	N = 16
Procedure(s), N (%)
Ortho	6 (38)
Cardiac	5 (31)
General\|Neuro\|Ortho	1 (6.3)
General\|Thoracic\|Urol\|Vasc	1 (6.3)
GI/Abdominal\|Hepatic	1 (6.3)
Thoracic	1 (6.3)
Various^a	1 (6.3)
^a If reported as various/mixed or included more than 4 types of procedures.

Characteristic	N^a	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Age (mean/med)	14	70.4 71.2 (57.1 - 83.7)
BMI (mean/med)	4	25.5 (21.2 - 32.1)
Female (%)	16	47.8 (21.8 - 68.8)
ASA Physical Status, N (%)	6
12		1 (16.7)
123		4 (66.7)
34		1 (16.7)
White (%)	1	73.8
Black (%)	1	15.0
Asian (%)	5	all 100
Preop MMSE (mean/med)	5	26.8 27.2 (23.0 - 29.0)
Cognitive Impairment (%)	9	7.7 0.0 (0.0 - 55.5)
Diabetes (%)	7	25.3 27.0 (0.0 - 41.5)
Cardiac (%)	5	12.2 0.0 (0.0 - 39.8)
^a N of the 16 trials reporting characteristic allowing description.

Table 4. Study and patient characteristics — nonrandomized studies of melatonin and ramelteon.

Characteristic [5 studies]	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Patients enrolled	292 309 (69 - 500)
Design, N (%)
Nonrandomized Trial	2 (40.0)
Before-After/Time Series	2 (40.0)
Retrospective Cohort	1 (20.0)
Arms, N (%)
2	5 (100.0)
Pilot study, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Ambulatory, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Centers, N (%)	5 (100.0)
Country, N (%)
Japan	3 (60.0)
Slovakia	2 (40.0)
Low resource country, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Funding, N (%)
None	3 (60.0)
Not reported	2 (40.0)
Author conflict of interest, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Registered, N (%)	1 (20.0)

Characteristic	N^a	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Age (mean/med)	5	67.9 64.8 (62.9 - 77.2)
BMI (mean/med)	1	22.4
Female (%)	5	33.6 30.0 (25.9 - 50.7)
ASA Physical Status, N (%)	1
123		1 (100.0)
White (%)	0
Black (%)	0
Asian (%)	3	all 100
Preop MMSE (mean/med)	0
Cognitive Impairment (%)	2	1.9 (1.3 - 2.4)
Diabetes (%)	4	27.2 29.2 (18.3 - 32.2)
Cardiac (%)	2	27.2 (7.3 - 47.0)
^a N of the 5 studies reporting characteristic allowing description.

Table 5. Study and patient characteristics — randomized clinical trials of ketamine.

Characteristic [12 trials]	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Patients enrolled	137 80 (56 - 672)
Arms, N (%)
2	7 (58.3)
3	5 (41.7)
Pilot study, N (%)	1 (8.3)
Ambulatory, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Centers, N (%)
1	10 (83.3)
2	1 (8.3)
5	1 (8.3)
Country, N (%)
China	3 (25.0)
USA	2 (16.7)
Austria	1 (8.3)
Egypt	1 (8.3)
France	1 (8.3)
Mexico	1 (8.3)
South Korea	1 (8.3)
Switzerland	1 (8.3)
Thailand	1 (8.3)
Low resource country, N (%)	4 (33.3)
Funding, N (%)
Public	7 (58.3)
None	3 (25.0)
Not reported	2 (16.7)
Author conflict of interest, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Registered, N (%)	8 (66.7)

Surgery	N = 12
Procedure(s), N (%)
Ortho	3 (25)
Cardiac	2 (17)
GI/Abdominal	2 (17)
Ophtho	2 (17)
Various^a	2 (17)
GI/Abdominal\|Hepatic	1 (8.3)
^a If reported as various/mixed or included more than 4 types of procedures.

Characteristic	N^a	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Age (mean/med)	11	68.3 69.6 (60.5 - 73.9)
BMI (mean/med)	7	25.0 25.8 (22.3 - 27.3)
Female (%)	10	41.2 46.2 (0.0 - 62.7)
ASA Physical Status, N (%)	6
123		4 (66.7)
23		2 (33.3)
White (%)	1	84.7
Black (%)	0
Asian (%)	4	all 100
Preop MMSE (mean/med)	3	27.3 28.0 (25.8 - 28.2)
Cognitive Impairment (%)	5	all 0.0
Diabetes (%)	3	37.8 42.2 (8.1 - 63.1)
Cardiac (%)	2	4.1 (0.0 - 8.1)
^a N of the 12 trials reporting characteristic allowing description.

Table 6. Study and patient characteristics — nonrandomized studies of ketamine.

Characteristic [7 studies]	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Patients enrolled	161,959 187 (84 - 564,226)
Design, N (%)
Retrospective Cohort	4 (57.1)
Prospective Cohort	3 (42.9)
Arms, N (%)
2	7 (100.0)
Pilot study, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Ambulatory, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Centers, N (%)
1	4 (66.7)
4	1 (16.7)
4400	1 (16.7)
Not reported	1
Country, N (%)
USA	5 (71.4)
Norway	1 (14.3)
Singapore	1 (14.3)
Low resource country, N (%)	0 (0.0)
Funding, N (%)
Public	4 (57.1)
None	2 (28.6)
Industry	1 (14.3)
Author conflict of interest, N (%)	2 (28.6)
Registered, N (%)	0 (0.0)

Characteristic	N^a	Mean Med (Range) or N (%)
Age (mean/med)	2	66.0 66.0 (61.7 - 70.4)
BMI (mean/med)	0
Female (%)	3	55.5 (42.9 - 70.4)
ASA Physical Status, N (%)	1
123		1 (100.0)
White (%)	0
Black (%)	1	3.6
Asian (%)	1	100
Preop MMSE (mean/med)	0
Cognitive Impairment (%)	1	2.0
Diabetes (%)	0
Cardiac (%)	0
^a N of the 7 studies reporting characteristic allowing description.